Common Breed Health Overviews

Syringomyelia – This is a condition that commonly affects CKCS and is believed to be inherited. It occurs due to abnormal development at the back of the skull, creating pressure that pushes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the spinal cord. Symptoms can include occasional neck pain and “phantom” scratching at the neck and shoulder. These signs usually appear between 6 months and 3 years old. Diagnosing this condition requires an MRI scan. Treatment varies based on the severity and often involves lifelong use of pain relievers, anti-inflammatory medications, and drugs to reduce CSF production. In some cases, surgery might be an option.

Mitral Valve Disease – This condition affects the valve between the top and bottom chambers on the left side of the heart. The valve leaflets thicken and don’t close properly, leading to blood leaking back into the atrium and causing a heart murmur. As a result, the heart has to work harder, which can eventually lead to congestive heart failure. Symptoms include coughing, less tolerance for exercise, breathlessness, weight loss, and fainting. An echocardiogram (ultrasound scan) is needed to diagnose and assess the condition. Early medication can be very beneficial. While there is no cure, valve replacement surgery is available.

Cataracts – Cataracts are cloudy spots in the eye lens that block light from reaching the retina, causing vision impairment. They can be primary (with no underlying cause) or secondary to other diseases like progressive retinal atrophy and diabetes. Cataracts can develop quickly or slowly over time. While they aren’t painful, they cause vision problems and visible lens opacity. Pain can arise from trauma due to vision impairment or secondary glaucoma (increased eye pressure). Surgery, similar to that for humans, is available to treat cataracts.

Dry Eye/Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) – KCS is inflammation of the cornea and surrounding structures due to reduced tear production, often caused by immune-mediated damage to tear glands. It’s believed to be inherited. Symptoms include a painful, red, and squinting eye with thick yellow discharge and loss of the eye’s shiny appearance. Corneal ulcers are a common complication. Diagnosis involves an eye exam and measuring tear production. Treatment includes eye drops to replace tears and suppress the immune response to protect tear glands.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) – PRA is a hereditary condition requiring both parents to carry the gene for it. It leads to gradual deterioration of the retina, eventually causing blindness. The condition is painless, but symptoms include worsening vision, especially in low light, and reluctance to navigate unfamiliar areas. A genetic test is available, and careful breeding selection can help eliminate this disease over time. 

Luxating Patella – The patella, or kneecap, sits in a groove in the thigh bone (femur) just above the knee and connects the quadriceps muscles of the thigh to the shin bone (tibia). This alignment allows the leg to extend properly. Cockapoos can be prone to a condition where the patella dislocates from its groove, known as luxating patella. When this happens, the leg can’t extend, and you might notice a skipping lameness in the affected leg. If both legs are affected, your Cockapoo might have a stiff, awkward gait. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. The severity of this condition is graded from 0 to 4, with 4 being the most severe. Surgery might be recommended depending on the case. This is often noticed in puppies or young adults.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) – PRA is a hereditary condition that affects the retina at the back of the eye, leading to gradual blindness. Both parents must carry the gene for the disease for their puppies to be affected. Symptoms include worsening vision, especially noticeable in low light, and reluctance to navigate unfamiliar areas. A genetic test is available to help breeders select against this disease, with the goal of eventually eliminating it.

Ear Problems – Cockapoos are prone to ear infections. Symptoms include scratching and rubbing the ears, redness, and discharge. A vet visit is important to rule out foreign bodies (like grass seeds), check the ear drum, and determine the cause of the infection, which could be bacteria, yeast, or parasites. Treatment usually involves ear drops, and some cases may need regular ear cleaning and managing any underlying skin allergies. Chronic or severe cases might require surgery. Ear issues can be frustrating, but regular follow-ups and personalized treatment plans from your vet can help manage the problem.

Hip Dysplasia – This developmental condition occurs when the supporting ligaments of the hip joint become lax, leading to excessive movement and abnormal hip development. This results in a misshapen joint. Symptoms, often seen in puppies 6-12 months old, include stiffness, difficulty getting up or lying down, an abnormal swaying gait, and lameness in one or both legs. Genetics are the primary cause, but factors like obesity also play a role. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and radiographs. Treatment can be non-surgical (pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy) or surgical. Very young dogs might be candidates for surgery to modify the hip anatomy, while adult dogs might need hip replacement or a procedure called femoral head and neck excision. 

Distichiasis – This condition occurs when eyelashes grow in the wrong place and direction, which can cause them to rub against the eye, leading to irritation. Symptoms include excessive tearing, blinking, keeping the eye closed, redness, and rubbing. This problem is typically identified in young dogs. Treatment options to remove the hairs include cryotherapy (cold therapy), electrolysis (using an electric current), or surgery. A specialist ophthalmologist often needs to be involved. The exact cause is unknown, but it might be inherited, so it’s best not to breed severely affected dogs.

Entropion – This is when the eyelid rolls inward, causing hairs to rub against the eye. Symptoms include squinting, discharge, and redness. Corneal ulcers can develop. In Cocker Spaniels, the upper eyelid can be affected later in life. Surgery is usually needed for adult dogs, while puppies might have a temporary procedure to stop the irritation. Breeding dogs with this condition is discouraged.

Ectropion – This is when the eyelid rolls outward, exposing the conjunctiva and causing redness and inflammation. It commonly affects dogs with loose skin, like Cocker Spaniels. Mild cases can be managed with eye drops, while severe cases might need surgery. Breeding dogs with this condition is also discouraged.

Dry Eye/Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) – KCS is when the eyes get dry due to reduced tear production, leading to inflammation. It’s often inherited and can cause painful eyes, redness, squinting, and a thick yellow discharge. Corneal ulcers are a common secondary issue. Both eyes are typically affected. Diagnosis involves an eye exam and measuring tear production. Treatment is lifelong, using eye drops to replace tears and suppress the immune system to prevent further damage.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) – PRA is a hereditary condition where the retina gradually deteriorates, leading to blindness. Both parents must carry the gene for their puppies to be affected. Symptoms include worsening vision, especially in low light, and hesitation to move around unfamiliar areas. A genetic test is available to help breeders avoid passing this condition on, aiming to eliminate it over time.

Skin Allergies – Cocker Spaniels are prone to skin allergies or atopic dermatitis, where the immune system overreacts to environmental substances like pollen. This causes itchy skin and sore paws, increasing the risk of skin and ear infections. Managing this condition can be challenging, requiring regular vet check-ups and individualized treatment plans.

Glaucoma – This condition involves fluid buildup inside the eye, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve, leading to blindness. It can be inherited or result from other issues like cataracts, trauma, or cancer. Symptoms include redness, squinting, dilated pupils, and vision loss. Prompt treatment by a specialist can sometimes restore vision, but managing pain is often the main goal. In severe cases, removing the eye might be necessary, but dogs typically adapt well. A test called gonioscopy can assess the risk of developing glaucoma and help guide breeding decisions.

Cataracts – Cataracts are cloudy spots in the lens that block light from reaching the retina, causing vision impairment. They can develop rapidly or slowly and are often inherited. Symptoms include vision problems and visible lens opacity. Cataracts aren’t painful, but they can lead to secondary glaucoma. Surgery similar to that for humans is available. Regular checks with a veterinary ophthalmologist are recommended to detect early signs and guide breeding programs.

Hip Dysplasia – This developmental condition involves loose ligaments in the hip joint, causing abnormal development. Symptoms in puppies aged 6-12 months include stiffness, difficulty getting up or lying down, a swaying gait, and lameness. Genetics are the primary cause, but factors like obesity also contribute. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and X-rays. Treatment can be non-surgical (pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy) or surgical. Young dogs might need surgery to correct the hip anatomy, while older dogs might require hip replacement or a procedure called femoral head and neck excision.

Ear Problems – Cocker Spaniels are prone to ear infections due to their long, floppy ears. Symptoms include scratching, rubbing, redness, and discharge. It’s important to see a vet to rule out foreign bodies, check the ear drum, and identify the cause of the infection. Treatment usually involves ear drops, but regular cleaning and managing underlying skin allergies might be necessary. Chronic or severe cases could require surgery. Regular follow-ups with your vet are crucial for managing ear issues effectively.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) – Dachshunds, with their adorable long bodies and short legs, are known as chondrodystrophic breeds. Their spines are made up of several bones called vertebrae, which protect the spinal cord. Between these vertebrae are jelly-like discs called intervertebral discs. In chondrodystrophic breeds like Dachshunds, these discs can deteriorate and harden prematurely. IVDD happens when these discs slip out of place and press on the spinal cord. Symptoms vary depending on where the problem is (neck or back) and how much the spinal cord is compressed. They can range from mild pain to moderate wobbly walking to severe paralysis. Your vet will perform a physical exam to decide the best course of action, and an MRI is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment depends on the severity but often involves surgery.

Patella Luxation – The patella, or kneecap, sits in a groove in the thigh bone and connects the thigh muscles to the shin bone, allowing the leg to extend properly. Dachshunds can be prone to a condition where the kneecap dislocates from its groove, called patella luxation. When this happens, the leg can’t extend properly, leading to a skipping lameness. If both legs are affected, your Dachshund might have a stiff, awkward gait. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. The severity is graded from 0 to 4, with 4 being the most severe. Depending on the case, surgery might be recommended. This condition is often noticed in puppies or young adult dogs.

Skin Allergies – Dachshunds are prone to skin allergies or atopic dermatitis. This means their immune system overreacts to environmental substances like pollen, leading to itchy skin and sore paws, and increasing the risk of skin infections. Atopic dermatitis can also cause ear infections, which can be recurrent and chronic. Managing these issues can be challenging, requiring regular vet check-ups and personalized treatment plans.

Obesity – Obesity affects all dog breeds and is becoming more common. Excess body fat causes chronic inflammation and negatively impacts cardiovascular health, increasing the risk of conditions like diabetes and cancer. For Dachshunds, extra weight puts additional strain on their backs, raising the risk of spinal disease. The main cause of obesity is too many calories rather than too little exercise. Careful diet management is crucial. Your vet can help guide you on the best weight management plan for your pet. 

Entropion: This is when an eyelid rolls inward, causing hair to rub against the eye. This can lead to symptoms like squinting, eye discharge, and redness, and may cause corneal ulcers. In English Bulldogs, this condition is often hereditary but can also result from eyelid scarring or spasms following a corneal ulcer. For adult dogs, corrective surgery is usually needed, while puppies may undergo a temporary procedure to prevent the hair from irritating the eye. It's best not to breed dogs with this condition.

Ectropion: This is the opposite of entropion, where the eyelid rolls outward, exposing the conjunctiva (the clear, thin membrane covering part of the eye and inner eyelids), which can become red and inflamed. Milder cases can be managed with eye drops, while surgery might be necessary for more severe cases. Breeding affected dogs is discouraged.

Elbow Dysplasia: This term covers various developmental issues with the elbow joint. Puppies aged 4-12 months typically show symptoms, like lameness in the affected forelimb. If both front limbs are affected, identifying lameness can be tricky. Initial diagnosis often involves X-rays, but CT scans and arthroscopy might be needed for a definitive diagnosis and treatment. Surgery usually helps, but weight management, pain relief, and physical therapies are also beneficial. Untreated, this condition can lead to osteoarthritis later in life. Since it's a genetic issue, breeding affected dogs is not recommended.

Skin Fold Pyoderma: English Bulldogs often have excessive skin folds, particularly on their face, tail base, and around the vulva in females. These folds can trap moisture, promoting the growth of bacteria and yeast, leading to painful infections if the skin becomes ulcerated. Regular cleaning of these folds is crucial to prevent infections, so ask your vet for advice on the best way to do this. If an infection occurs, see your vet for treatment. Severe cases might require surgical removal of the skin folds.

Dry Eye/Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS): KCS involves inflammation of the cornea and surrounding structures due to dry eyes from reduced tear production. The most common cause is immune-mediated damage to the tear glands and is believed to be inherited. Symptoms include painful, red, and squinting eyes with thick yellow discharge, and a loss of the eye’s shiny appearance. Corneal ulcers are a common secondary issue. Diagnosis is confirmed through an eye exam and tear production measurement. Lifelong treatment with topical eye drops is required to replace tears and suppress the immune response.

Cherry Eye/Nictitans Gland Prolapse: This condition occurs when the nictitans gland, normally contained within the 'third eyelid,' prolapses, appearing as a cherry in the inner corner of the eye. It's easily diagnosed by its appearance, and surgery is recommended to tuck the gland back into place.

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS): Brachycephalic dogs, like English Bulldogs, have a short head shape, which can restrict airflow to the lungs. Common issues include narrowed nostrils and an elongated or thickened soft palate. Almost all English Bulldogs experience some degree of BOAS, leading to breathing difficulties, heat intolerance (increasing the risk of heat stroke), acid reflux, and poor sleep. Affected dogs may snore or snort when resting and exercising. Vets can assess the severity of BOAS to determine if surgery to open the nostrils or shorten the soft palate would improve the dog's quality of life. Additionally, the trachea (windpipe) in English Bulldogs may be underdeveloped, causing a narrowed opening (tracheal hypoplasia). 

Hip Dysplasia 

Hip dysplasia is a condition where the ligaments supporting the hip joint become loose. This leads to too much movement and abnormal development of the hip bones, resulting in a misshapen joint. Puppies aged 6-12 months often show symptoms like stiffness, difficulty getting up or lying down, an abnormal swaying walk, and lameness in one or both legs. While genetics is the main cause, factors like obesity can also contribute. As affected dogs age, osteoarthritis can develop in the joints. Diagnosis involves looking at the dog's history, a physical exam, and X-rays. Treatment can be non-surgical, including pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy, and hydrotherapy. In some cases, surgery is an option. Young dogs might have surgery to change the hip anatomy, while adult dogs may need a hip replacement or a procedure called femoral head and neck excision.

Ear Problems 

Springer Spaniels, with their long, floppy ears, are prone to ear infections. Symptoms include scratching and rubbing the ears, redness, and discharge. It's important to have a vet check the ears to rule out any foreign objects like grass seeds, assess the eardrum's condition, and identify the type of bacteria, yeast, or parasite causing the infection. A swab of the ear might be taken for examination under a microscope. Besides treating the infection, some dogs might need regular ear cleaning and management of any underlying skin allergies. Severe and chronic cases can require surgery. Ear problems can be frustrating for both dogs and their families, so regular follow-ups with a vet and personalized treatment plans are often necessary and recommended.

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) – French Bulldogs have those adorable short noses, but it can come with some breathing challenges called BOAS. This means their airways can be a bit restricted, making it harder for them to breathe. This is often due to narrow nostrils and a long or thickened soft palate. Almost all French Bulldogs will have this to some degree. Besides breathing difficulties, BOAS can cause them to overheat easily, struggle with acid reflux, and have trouble sleeping. You might notice snoring or snorting sounds when they rest or exercise. Vets can assess how severe BOAS is and recommend if surgery (like opening the nostrils or shortening the soft palate) could help improve your pup’s quality of life.

Eye Problems – French Bulldogs often have eye issues like corneal ulcers, which are painful open sores on the eye’s surface. Their cute, flat faces mean their eyes stick out more, making them prone to irritation. They might not blink fully, causing dry eyes, and hairs from their nasal folds can rub against their eyes. Symptoms include redness, tearing, and keeping the eye closed. It's crucial to see a vet quickly if you notice these signs to avoid serious complications. Treatment usually involves antibiotic eye drops and pain relief, with some cases needing specialized care.

Cherry Eye – This is a common condition in French Bulldogs where a gland in the third eyelid pops out and looks like a cherry in the corner of the eye. It’s easy to spot and usually requires surgery to fix it by tucking the gland back in place.

Ear and Skin Disease – French Bulldogs are prone to skin allergies and atopic dermatitis, where their immune system overreacts to things like pollen. This can make their skin itchy and their paws sore, often leading to skin infections. Ear infections can also be a problem. Regular vet visits and personalized treatment plans can help manage these issues. French Bulldogs also have lots of skin folds, especially on their face and tail, which can trap moisture and lead to infections. Regular cleaning is important, and a vet should check any infections that develop.

Spinal Disease – French Bulldogs often face spinal issues like intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Their spines are made up of several bones with jelly-like discs in between that can slip and press on the spinal cord. This can cause anything from mild pain to severe paralysis, depending on where the problem is and how much the spinal cord is compressed. Your vet will do an exam and might recommend an MRI or CT scan to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment ranges from pain relief and rest for mild cases to surgery for severe ones. French Bulldogs also have congenital spinal issues like hemivertebrae, which increase the risk of IVDD.

Patella Luxation – The kneecap, or patella, sometimes dislocates in French Bulldogs, causing a condition called patella luxation. This can make it hard for them to extend their leg properly, leading to a skipping lameness. If both legs are affected, they might have a stiff, awkward gait. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. The severity is graded from 0 to 4, with surgery often recommended for more severe cases. This condition is usually noticed in puppies or young adults.

Dental Disease – French Bulldogs’ cute short faces often mean crowded teeth, which can lead to dental issues. Food can get trapped between their teeth, causing plaque buildup, gingivitis, and dental disease. Regular tooth brushing with vet-approved toothpaste and regular dental check-ups are essential to keep their teeth healthy. 

Degenerative Myelopathy This progressive condition causes painless paralysis in the hind legs of older dogs. It’s diagnosed by ruling out other causes like slipped discs. Initial symptoms include mild weakness, which worsen over months to a wobbly gait, dragging of back legs, and eventually urinary and fecal incontinence. Unfortunately, there is no cure, but supportive care like mobility aids, physiotherapy, and hydrotherapy can help. DNA testing is available to assess risk, which responsible breeders use.

Hip Dysplasia A genetic condition where the hip joint develops abnormally, leading to a loose, malformed joint. Puppies between 6-12 months may show stiffness, difficulty getting up or lying down, a swaying gait, or lameness. Besides genetics, factors like obesity can contribute. Osteoarthritis often develops later. Diagnosis involves history, physical exams, and X-rays. Treatment can be non-surgical (pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy) or surgical (hip replacement or femoral head and neck excision).

Elbow Dysplasia This term covers several developmental abnormalities in the elbow joint. Symptoms typically appear in puppies 4-12 months old, showing as lameness in the forelimb. Diagnosis may require X-rays, CT scans, and arthroscopy. While surgery is beneficial, conservative treatments include weight management, pain relief, and physical therapy. Left untreated, it leads to osteoarthritis. It’s a genetic condition, so affected dogs should not be bred.

Anal Furunculosis/Perianal Fistula Common in middle-aged to older German Shepherds, this painful condition involves infected tissue around the anus, causing pus, ulcers, and a foul smell. Symptoms include straining to defecate, blood in stools, and excessive licking of the area. The cause is suspected to be immune-mediated, similar to Crohn’s disease. Treatment involves immune suppressive medication, antibiotics, and pain relief, sometimes for months. Severe cases may require surgery.

Idiopathic Epilepsy The most common cause of seizures in young dogs, starting between 6 months and 6 years. It’s genetic but the exact cause is unknown. Diagnosis is by excluding other causes via blood tests and MRI scans. Seizure frequency varies, and lifelong anti-epileptic medication is needed to manage the condition. Most dogs lead a good quality of life with treatment.

Gastrointestinal Disease German Shepherds are prone to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, a heritable condition causing the pancreas to shrink and stop producing digestive enzymes. Symptoms include increased appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves ultrasound and blood tests. Treatment requires enzyme replacement, a special diet, and vitamins. They are also susceptible to antibiotic-responsive diarrhea, causing chronic diarrhea and weight loss in young dogs. Diagnosis is by exclusion and antibiotic trials.

Haemangiosarcoma (HSA) A cancer of blood vessels, often affecting the spleen, heart, and liver. Tumors can rupture, causing internal bleeding with symptoms like lethargy, breathing difficulties, pale gums, and a distended abdomen. Diagnosis is through imaging like ultrasound, but differentiating HSA from benign tumors usually requires surgery. If HSA is suspected, X-rays check for lung metastasis. Treatment involves surgery and possibly chemotherapy, with an average survival of 4-6 months post-treatment.

Inherited Eye Diseases Retinal Dysplasia – An inherited condition causing abnormal retinal development. Many dogs show no obvious signs and have normal vision, though some blind spots may affect tasks like retrieving. Affected dogs risk retinal detachment and should not be bred. Cataracts – Cloudy spots in the eye lens impairing light passage to the retina. Causes include genetics, progressive retinal atrophy, and diabetes. Vision impairment varies. While cataracts themselves are not painful, trauma due to vision impairment and secondary glaucoma can cause pain. Surgery similar to human cataract removal is available.

Hip Dysplasia – Hip dysplasia is a condition where the hip joint doesn’t develop properly, causing the hip bones to move excessively and form an uneven joint. This is often noticed in puppies aged 6-12 months and can cause stiffness, trouble getting up or lying down, a swaying walk, and lameness in one or both legs. While genetics play a big role, factors like obesity can also contribute. As they age, dogs with hip dysplasia can develop osteoarthritis. Your vet will diagnose this with a history review, physical exam, and X-rays. Treatment can be non-surgical, including pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy, and hydrotherapy. Surgery may be an option, especially for younger dogs, with procedures like hip modification or hip replacement.

Elbow Dysplasia – Elbow dysplasia covers a range of developmental issues with the elbow joint. Symptoms usually appear in puppies aged 4-12 months and include lameness in the affected front leg. If both front legs are affected, it might be harder to notice. Initial diagnosis typically involves X-rays, with CT scans and arthroscopy used for detailed diagnosis and treatment planning. Most dogs with elbow dysplasia benefit from surgery, along with weight management, pain relief, and physical therapies. If left untreated, secondary osteoarthritis can develop. While it can’t be cured, it can be managed well. Because it's genetic, affected dogs shouldn’t be bred.

Patella Luxation – The patella, or kneecap, can sometimes slip out of its groove in the thigh bone, a condition known as patella luxation. This makes it difficult for your dog to extend their leg properly, leading to a skipping lameness. If both legs are affected, you might notice a stiff, awkward walk. Osteoarthritis is common later in life. The severity is graded from 0 to 4, and surgery might be recommended based on the case. This condition is often seen in puppies or young adult dogs.

Skin Problems – Golden Retrievers are prone to skin allergies, also known as atopic dermatitis. This happens when their immune system overreacts to things like pollen, causing itchy skin and sore paws, and increasing the risk of skin infections. Atopic dermatitis can also lead to recurrent ear infections. Managing these issues can be frustrating, so regular vet visits and personalized treatment plans are important.

Moist Dermatitis (Hot Spots) – This condition often affects dogs with long, thick coats, especially in warmer weather. Allergies or parasites can be primary causes. Dogs that love to swim might get hot spots if their coats don’t dry properly. Hot spots can be itchy and painful, and scratching can make them worse. Treatment includes clipping the hair around the area, cleaning with antibacterial soap, using vet-prescribed steroid creams, and possibly antibiotics.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) – PRA is an inherited condition where the retina gradually deteriorates, leading to blindness. Both parents must carry the gene for puppies to be affected. It’s not painful, but it causes worsening vision, especially in low light, and hesitation to move around unfamiliar places. A genetic test is available, and careful breeding can help eliminate this disease over time.

Hypothyroidism – This common condition in middle-aged to older dogs results from low thyroid hormone levels, slowing down metabolism. It’s usually caused by immune-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue or, less commonly, by the replacement of thyroid tissue with fat. Symptoms include lethargy, weight gain despite a reduced appetite, increased hair loss, skin pigmentation changes, and a higher susceptibility to skin and ear infections. Dogs may also get cold easily. Diagnosis involves a blood test to measure thyroid hormone levels. Treatment is lifelong with oral thyroid hormone replacement and regular blood tests to ensure proper dosing. 

Corneal Ulceration – Pugs are especially prone to corneal ulcers, which are open sores on the clear surface of the eye. Their adorable, flat faces mean that their eyes tend to bulge a bit, making them more exposed to the environment. Sometimes, their eyelids don’t close completely, causing their eyes to dry out, and hairs from nasal folds can rub against the eyes. These factors increase the risk of corneal ulcers, which are painful and can cause redness, tearing, and the eye to stay closed. It’s important to see a vet right away if you notice these symptoms to prevent further complications. Treatment usually includes antibiotic eye drops, pain relief, and possibly a buster collar to prevent scratching. Some cases might need specialized care.

Dry Eye/Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) – KCS is when the eye’s surface and surrounding structures get inflamed due to dryness from reduced tear production. It’s often inherited and can cause redness, squinting, and a thick yellow discharge. The eye might lose its shiny appearance, and corneal ulcers can develop as a secondary issue. It usually affects both eyes. Diagnosis involves an eye exam and measuring tear production. Treatment is lifelong and involves eye drops to replace tears and suppress the immune system to prevent further damage to the tear glands.

Entropion – This is a condition where the eyelid rolls inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the eye. This can cause squinting, discharge, and redness, and can lead to corneal ulcers. In English Bulldogs, it’s usually hereditary but can also occur due to scarring or spasms from corneal ulcers. Adults might need corrective surgery, while puppies can have temporary procedures to prevent irritation. It’s best not to breed dogs with this condition.

Ectropion – This is when the eyelid rolls outward, exposing the conjunctiva and causing redness and inflammation. Mild cases can be managed with eye drops, while severe cases might need surgery. Breeding dogs with this condition is discouraged.

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) – Pugs, with their cute short heads, often have BOAS, which restricts air movement into the lungs. Common issues include narrowed nostrils and an elongated or thickened soft palate. Most Pugs have some degree of BOAS, causing breathing difficulties, heat intolerance, acid reflux, and sleep problems. You might hear snoring or snorting noises when they rest or exercise. Vets can assess the severity and determine if surgery, like opening the nostrils or shortening the soft palate, can improve your Pug’s quality of life.

Skin Fold Pyoderma – Pugs often have adorable skin folds, especially on their faces, at the base of their tails, and around the vulva in females. These folds can retain moisture, leading to bacterial and yeast infections. Regular cleaning helps prevent infections, but if one occurs, a vet visit is necessary. In severe cases, surgery to remove the folds might be needed.

Patella Luxation – The patella, or kneecap, can sometimes slip out of its groove in Pugs, causing luxation. When this happens, the leg can’t extend properly, leading to a skipping lameness. If both legs are affected, you might notice a stiff, awkward gait. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. The severity is graded from 0 to 4, with 4 being the most severe. Surgery might be recommended depending on the case. This condition is often noticed in puppies or young adults.

Hip Dysplasia – This developmental condition occurs when the ligaments supporting the hip joint become too loose, causing abnormal hip development. Symptoms include stiffness, difficulty getting up or lying down, a swaying gait, and lameness in one or both legs, usually noticed in puppies 6-12 months old. Genetics are the main cause, but factors like obesity also play a role. Osteoarthritis can develop later in life. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and X-rays. Treatment can be non-surgical (pain relief, weight management, physiotherapy, hydrotherapy) or surgical. Young dogs might benefit from surgery to correct the hip structure, while older dogs might need hip replacement or a procedure called femoral head and neck excision.

Hypothyroidism – This condition, common in middle-aged to older dogs, occurs when the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones, slowing metabolism. It’s often caused by immune-mediated destruction of thyroid tissue or sometimes by replacement of thyroid tissue by fat. Symptoms include lethargy, weight gain despite a reduced appetite, increased hair loss, skin pigmentation changes, and a higher susceptibility to skin and ear infections. Dogs might also get cold easily. Diagnosis involves a blood test to measure thyroid hormone levels. Treatment is lifelong with oral thyroid hormone replacement and regular blood tests to ensure proper dosing.